Conceptualizing the sports tourist
1. The book aims to explore the concept of sports tourism in ________ detail. Answer: greater
2. What makes the sports tourist ________ is examined in this chapter. Answer: unique
3. The fusion of two complex terms, ‘sport’ and ‘tourism,’ results in the ________ nature of sports tourism. Answer: problematic
4. The interaction of the participant with the activity and place is considered a significant factor in ________ the sports tourist. Answer: conceptualizing
5. Before conceptualizing sports tourism, it is essential to understand sport and tourism as ________ spheres. Answer: separate
6. The prologue offered preliminary comments on the use of the term ‘sports ________.’ Answer: tourism
7. The book intends to provide a ________ understanding of sports tourism. Answer: fuller
8. Sport and tourism both defy ________ definition. Answer: simple
9. Official definitions of sport and tourism can vary and ________ through time. Answer: change
10. The meanings people derive from the concepts of sport and tourism ________. Answer: vary
Definitions of Sports
1. Attempts to define sport have engaged the energies of many _________. Answer: writers
2. Given the difficulties of producing a precise and universally accepted definition, some have suggested that the pursuit of defining sport is ________. Answer: fruitless
3. The concept of sport defies ___________. Answer: definition
4. Sport may be defined on the basis of pursuits satisfying key characteristics such as vigorous physical activity and/or physical skill, competition, and ________. Answer: codified rules
5. Activities that involve vigorous physical activity, competition, and codified rules are often considered as ________. Answer: sport
6. Swimming, rambling, and jogging are examples of activities that are regarded as sport, even though they may not involve ___________. Answer: formal competitive lines and rules
7. The issue of ‘context’ may be important when distinguishing between sport and ____________. Answer: physical recreation
8. The historical development of sport has been influenced by ____________. Answer: modern industrial society and Victorian public schools
9. In the past, some sports involved cruelty to animals, which is now seen as completely at odds with the ideals of _________. Answer: sport
10. Field sports like hunting and shooting, which were once key sporting pursuits, are now considered ________. Answer: marginal
11. The term ‘sport’ has been socially constructed and has acquired different meanings at different times in its _______. Answer: historical development
12. Different societies may have different conceptions of sport, leading to varying ________ of the term. Answer: definitions
13. The Council of Europe defines sport as “all forms of physical activity which… aims at improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships, or obtaining results in competition at all levels.” This definition is considered ___________. Answer: wide-ranging and inclusive
14. The wide-ranging, inclusive definition of sport includes not only formal activities but also non-competitive recreational activities with _________. Answer: tourism potential
15. A related notion to the definition of sport is a definition of the ___________. Answer: sports participant
16. The sports participant is generally accepted to involve those who ________ take part in sport. Answer: actively
17. Spectators who watch live sports make an important contribution to the social institution of sport and are equally motivated in their commitment to sport as the ___________. Answer: active participant
18. Spectators have had an important influence on the nature and development of sport, influencing both how the sport is played and the _________. Answer: environment
19. Sports with significant numbers of spectators have developed to accommodate them, which has affected both the way the sport is played and the ________. Answer: environment
20. Spectators have provided much of the wealth that has enabled sport to develop, emphasizing their role in the ___________. Answer: growth of sports
21. Not including spectators in any consideration of sports participation would seriously reduce the _________ of the analysis. Answer: scope
22. The significant number of spectators who travel is an important aspect of __________. Answer: sports tourism
23. The nature of sports tourism encompasses both active participants and ____________. Answer: spectators
24. The presence of spectators has contributed to the _________ of sports. Answer: development
25. Spectators have played a significant role in the financial ________ of sports. Answer: support
Definitions of Tourism
1. According to Ryan (1991), tourism can be defined as a study of the demand for and supply of accommodation and supportive services for those staying away from home, and the resultant patterns of __________, income creation, and employment. Answer: expenditure
2. Some definitions of tourism emphasize its role as an __________ activity or industry. Answer: economic
3. According to Hay (1989), tourism involves a trip for __________ purposes and is a process concerned with the redistribution of economic resources. Answer: leisure
4. Tourist organizations often provide technical definitions that specify minimum and maximum lengths of stay and strict ‘purpose of visit categories’ to __________ tourism from other forms of travel for statistical purposes. Answer: isolate
5. The major distinction between most definitions of tourism is whether or not they include __________. Answer: day trips
6. Including day trips in the definition of tourism introduces definitional issues related to the minimum __________ and minimum distance traveled away from home. Answer: length of time
7. The Scottish Tourist Board defines a leisure day trip as one involving more than __________ hours and focusing on a specific activity. Answer: three
8. According to the British Tourist Authority (1981), tourism involves the temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during the stay at these destinations, including __________ and excursions. Answer: day visits
9. Standeven and Tomlinson (1994) define tourism as ranging from day trips within one’s own locality to long-haul package holidays to the other side of the world, always involving a sense of __________ or visit. Answer: movement
10. Some definitions of tourism emphasize its role as an economic __________, while others focus on psychological benefits and motivations. Answer: activity
11. According to Smith (1989), tourism can be defined in terms of __________. Answer: motivations
12. The British Tourist Authority’s definition of tourism encompasses movement for __________ as well as day visits and excursions. Answer: all purposes
13. Including day trips in the definition of tourism introduces further definitional issues of what constitutes such a __________. Answer: trip
14. The extent to which characteristics and constraints are included in definitions of tourism is linked to different __________ and motives. Answer: emphases
15. According to the provided text, tourism definitions have evolved to become more __________ and inclusive in recent times. Answer: inclusive
Conceptualizing the sports tourist
According to Standeven and De Knop, sport tourism involves all forms of __________ involvement in sporting activity, away from home and work locality.
Answer: active and passive
The definition of sport tourism as merely identifying tourist activity involving sport lacks __________ value.
Answer: explanatory
Instead of combining two separate activities, one approach is to define tourism in terms of __________.
Answer: sport
Core characteristics of tourism include temporary movement of people to destinations away from their __________ environment.
Answer: home
Sport tourism involves the interaction of activity, people, and __________.
Answer: place
According to Leiper, tourism can be defined in terms of firms, organizations, and facilities intended to serve the specific needs of __________.
Answer: tourists
The motives of tourists can be combined with those of the __________ person in the context of sports tourism.
Answer: sports
Tourism involves the activities undertaken during a stay and the facilities created to cater to __________ needs.
Answer: their
Sport tourism is viewed as a social, economic, and cultural phenomenon arising from the unique __________ of activity, people, and place.
Answer: interaction
Sport tourism involves travel away from home and work __________.
Answer: locality
Standeven and De Knop’s definition of sport tourism encompasses both __________ and organized participation in sporting activities.
Answer: casual
According to Mathieson and Wall, tourism involves the temporary movement of people to __________ destinations.
Answer: away-from-home
The tourist industry is organized to serve the specific needs and wants of __________.
Answer: tourists
Some definitions of tourism view it as an industry related to providing __________ for tourists.
Answer: facilities
Sport tourism involves interactions between activity, people, and __________.
Answer: place
Sports tourism places
1. The essential characteristic of sport is that it involves some ________. Answer: active pursuit
2. Sports often require specific resources, which may include particular ________ or specific facilities. Answer: environments
3. Facilities for activities like skiing or rock-climbing are ________ widespread. Answer: less
4. Football at a Premier League stadium offers a different experience compared to playing in the ________. Answer: local park
5. Cycling through scenic national park landscapes contrasts with cycling along ________. Answer: busy streets
6. Sports participation may require travel, especially to destinations ________ from home. Answer: away
7. The Clawson model categorizes areas on a continuum from user-orientated to ________. Answer: resource-based
8. User-orientated areas often have small space demands and may include resources like urban parks and ________. Answer: playgrounds
9. Resource-based areas emphasize the quality of the physical resource and often involve large land units and ________ locations. Answer: remote
10. Intermediate areas are located between user-orientated and resource-based areas, often within ________ drive from potential users. Answer: one or two hours’
11. Sport is considered a cultural form, as highlighted by writers such as Bourdieu and ________. Answer: Hargreaves
12. Sport is a cultural experience of physical activity, and tourism is a cultural experience of ________. Answer: place
13. Sports tourism often involves traveling to locations that offer higher-quality resources not readily available in one’s ________. Answer: immediate neighborhood
14. Sport at competitive or elite levels may require higher-quality resources, which can be found in certain ________. Answer: locations
15. Some high-quality sports resources are located in urban centers, characterized by purpose-built features designed specifically for sport, driven by economic and ________ factors. Answer: social and political
16. The quality and perception of resources, including sports environments, are linked to ________ issues. Answer: cultural
17. Many people choose to travel elsewhere to participate in sports due to the ambience of the place, such as better ________ or a more scenic landscape. Answer: climate
18. Urry suggests that certain sports gain significance when played against a distinctive ________. Answer: visual backcloth
19. Cyclists may prefer to ride through rural areas instead of urban ones because of the distinctive ________. Answer: backdrop
20. Sports tourism places can be identified based on quality issues and locational factors, including ski resorts, outdoor pursuits environments, major cities hosting megasporting events, and ________. Answer: sports camps
The organization of sports tourism
In sports tourism, one of the well-known activities is winter sports, especially ________, which is enjoyed by different age groups.
Answer: skiing
Winter sports holidays often involve the movement of people to specific mountain locations with infrastructure like hotels, chalets, chair lifts, and ski runs, making it a ________ industry.
Answer: well-organized
Winter sports holidays are primarily organized by major travel companies, but smaller businesses specializing in winter sports holidays are also ________.
Answer: important
Besides skiing, sports tourism includes holiday courses in activities such as sailing, gliding, riding, golf, diving, cycling, mountaineering, and ________.
Answer: surfing
Multiple sports activity holidays offer a variety of sports at a single location and are exemplified by sports camps and luxury club-formula camps like ________ and Center Parcs.
Answer: Club Med
Some hotels promote their sports facilities in travel brochures to attract sports enthusiasts, contributing to the growth of ________.
Answer: sports tourism
Specific sports travel companies fall into two categories: those offering tailored sports training or competition tours for sports teams and those providing all-inclusive packages for ________.
Answer: travelling sports spectators
Travel International Sports, based in California, offers tailored sports tours in various sports, including baseball, gymnastics, hockey, lacrosse, football, and ________.
Answer: water polo
Companies like Hospitality Worldwide specialize in offering packages to domestic and international sports events, such as rugby union, cricket, and Formula One motor racing, for ________.
Answer: individual travelers
International Sports Tours in Australia caters to both sports team tours and traveling sports spectators in various sports, including football, rugby union, cricket, triathlon, and ________.
Answer: netball
Understanding the way sports tourism providers contribute to the organization of sports tourism links people with places and provides for their activities, bridging the gap between ________ and sports tourists’ motivations.
Answer: place
Winter sports holidays involve the movement of people from their homes to specific mountain locations with infrastructure like hotels, chalets, and ski runs, making it a ________ industry.
Answer: lucrative
Multiple sports activity holidays offer a variety of sports at one location, with examples including sports camps and luxury club-formula camps like ________.
Answer: Center Parcs
Companies like Hospitality Worldwide specialize in offering packages to various domestic and international sports events, such as rugby union, cricket, and Formula One motor racing, for ________.
Answer: sports spectators
International Sports Tours in Australia caters to both sports team tours and traveling sports spectators in various sports, including football, rugby union, cricket, triathlon, and ________.
Answer: netball
Motives of sports tourists
1. People’s motives for participating in sport are ________ and varied. Answer: many
2. Motivation for sports participation includes psychological, social, and ________ perspectives. Answer: philosophical
3. Some motives related to sport are competitiveness, a desire to win, and the testing of one’s ________. Answer: abilities
4. Tourism motivators, such as physical, interpersonal, and status and prestige, also have relevance to ________. Answer: sport
5. The desire for health, fitness, and general well-being is a common motivation in both sport and ________. Answer: tourism
6. A feeling of well-being and pleasure satisfaction is often associated with the ‘________ principle.’ Answer: pleasure
7. The concept of escapism is an important influence on both tourism and ________. Answer: sport
8. The pursuit of rewards, including tangible and intangible ones, is related to ________ in both sport and tourism. Answer: motivation
9. Some tourists seek to achieve their dreams and fantasies, which is related to ________. Answer: status
10. Arousal theory suggests that leisure should be ________ to be psychologically rewarding. Answer: optimally arousing
11. Arousal levels in sport can be achieved through competition and the desire for ________ development. Answer: skill
12. Outdoor and adventure activities often achieve optimal arousal levels through the perceived level of ________ involved. Answer: risk
13. The perception of control over the level of risk in activities is related to the concept of ‘________ of control.’ Answer: locus
14. In tourism, the need for optimal arousal is influenced by the difference between optimum stimulation and ________ stimulation experiences. Answer: lifestyle
15. Ritual inversion in tourism suggests that individuals feel released to behave differently from their ________ lives. Answer: everyday
16. Ritual inversion can be a powerful motivating force for those seeking optimal ________. Answer: arousal
17. Sports tourism combines activity, people, and ________ to enhance arousal levels. Answer: place
18. The combination of physical and status and prestige motivators enhances the desire to take part in activities in ________ places. Answer: interesting
19. Achieving social interpersonal goals during sports tourism enhances the ________ experience. Answer: overall
20. Ritual inversion involves a different kind of moral state in which ________ needs come to the fore. Answer: cultural
21. Both sport and tourism involve a complex set of ________. Answer: motivations
22. Motivations for sports participation include individual characteristics such as interests, needs, goals, and ________. Answer: personality
23. The social interaction motive in sport is similar to the desire to meet new people and engage in ________ in tourism. Answer: revelry
24. Goal achievement and the pursuit of rewards are motives common to both sport and ________. Answer: tourism
25. The concept of ‘________ principle’ relates to positive affective experiences in both sport and tourism. Answer: pleasure
26. Arousal theory emphasizes the need for leisure to be ________ to be psychologically rewarding. Answer: optimally arousing
27. Outdoor and adventure activities often achieve optimal arousal levels through the perceived level of ________ involved. Answer: risk
28. The perception of control over the level of risk in activities is related to the concept of ‘________ of control.’ Answer: locus
29. Ritual inversion in tourism suggests that individuals feel released to behave differently from their ________ lives. Answer: everyday
30. Ritual inversion can be a powerful motivating force for those seeking optimal ________. Answer: arousal
31. The combination of physical and status and prestige motivators enhances the desire to take part in activities in ________ places. Answer: interesting
32. Achieving social interpersonal goals during sports tourism enhances the ________ experience. Answer: overall
33. Both sport and tourism involve a complex set of ________. Answer: motivations
34. Motivations for sports participation include individual characteristics such as interests, needs, goals, and ________. Answer: personality
35. The social interaction motive in sport is similar to the desire to meet new people and engage in ________ in tourism. Answer: revelry
36. Goal achievement and the pursuit of rewards are motives common to both sport and ________. Answer: tourism
37. The concept of ‘________ principle’ relates to positive affective experiences in both sport and tourism. Answer: pleasure
38. Arousal theory emphasizes the need for leisure to be ________ to be psychologically rewarding. Answer: optimally arousing
39. Outdoor and adventure activities often achieve optimal arousal levels through the perceived level of ________ involved. Answer: risk
40. The perception of control over the level of risk in activities is related to the concept of ‘________ of control.’ Answer: locus